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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD take medication for the condition. It can improve symptoms but can also cause negative side effects. Talk to your doctor if you experience side effects. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed type of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters, which regulate attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in both children and adults is the most commonly prescribed medication. It is a stimulant that increases activity in the parts of the brain that assist to regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It may help people with Narcolepsy to stay awake throughout the day and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has the potential to be abused and is considered to be a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. This medication can be taken exactly as prescribed to decrease the chance of abuse and side negative effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms for certain people. It can also cause worse the behavior and tics of some people with Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before taking this medication, patients with these conditions should consult their doctor. Tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or if you're allergic to food or dyes. (For example tartrazine is a yellow color that can be found in some processed food and in some medicines. If you're taking Adhansia XR, you should consult your doctor.). Methylphenidate is a drug that can interact with other medications, such as opioid medicines antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, phenelzine (Nardil) or rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid drinking alcohol and other stimulants while taking methylphenidate. These drugs may affect your heart rate or blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablet with immediate release (Ritalin), the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) and the long acting chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR -ODT), contain Phenylalanine. It can be a risk if a genetic condition known as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medicine that works with the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used for depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which can occur during the winter and fall seasons. It can also be used to help people stop smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been proven to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The fixed-effect RR of the pooled study for week-6 improvement (using an improvement that is clinically significant of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95% of the interval 0.95 to 1.37) and for the overall response, the proportion of better subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group compared with 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with a number of different medications, including sedatives, antidepressants and some blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of seizures in people who have an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions and women who are pregnant or nursing should not take it. Bupropion is available as the brand-name medication Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a type of medications that work by affecting brain chemical. They were among the first antidepressants developed. While they aren't considered a first-line treatment for depression anymore but they can be effective for certain people. They inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline by increasing their presence in neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia, and the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are prescribed alone or combined with stimulants. They can help improve the core ADHD symptoms and reduce depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. In addition, they could aid in managing the tics, which are repetitive, uncontrollable movements or sounds, such as throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause side effects, like dry mouth, sedation and constipation, and can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems. These drugs may interact with other medications, like anticholinergics, and should be avoided in pregnant women. They are also known to be teratogenic for animals and can cross the placenta. Consult your doctor if you are concerned. There are newer antidepressants that are less likely of side negative effects. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). The SSRIs are a class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake within neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin available to signal. They also reduce anxiety and decrease impulsive behavior. They are often used as adhd medication because they improve symptoms in certain individuals and are effective alongside other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have low clearance from the body, however they are extensively metabolized the liver through CYP450 isoenzymes. This causes variable blood concentrations. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as generalized anxiety disorder, and bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline may help to reduce PTSD core symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs could cause a rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your physician if you are considering taking one of these medications. It is normal for people to to try several different types of ADHD medication before they can find the one that is most effective for them. The development and research of new medication is ongoing. It is also crucial to disclose all the medications you take to your physician. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant medications do not help adults suffering from ADHD doctors prescribe a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibit (SNRI). These drugs increase levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also aid in improving mood and reduce anxiety and depression. The SNRIs are similar in their adverse effects as TCAs but are safer. They are utilized for many conditions including anxiety disorders, long-term pain like fibromyalgia, and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression in addition. The SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine (Effexor). These drugs work by preventing the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine, which is a natural process in the brain following neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The rise in levels of norepinephrine can improve attention and mood. Although SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, some doctors use as an alternative to stimulants. They are typically taken as pills. However they are also available in the form of liquids or patches. The FDA approved an oral SNRI, called viloxazine or Qelbree for treating ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a controlled drug since it doesn't have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but can aid in the treatment of symptoms of ADHD. A number of studies have proven that SNRI medications, including venlafaxine and duloxetine, can significantly lower the scores of various ADHD tests. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with other medications. Therefore, it is essential to consult a physician before taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly handled medication could cause harm to people and animals. It is therefore important to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs or SNRIs are not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD however, doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having less adverse effects than stimulants. Consult your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs may increase the body's levels of serotonin and norepinephrine but are not suitable for all. Women who are pregnant or nursing should stay clear of taking SNRIs since they could be passed through breast milk. People with liver or blood pressure issues should not take these drugs, either, because they could increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help improve their attention and focus. Some people may also notice a decrease in impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and training to help people learn how to control their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each patient takes time. In this period doctors will observe the physical reactions of patients to find an equilibrium between the effects of side effects and the benefits. The stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, increase the activity of certain brain chemicals that control memory and attention. They are generally safe and beneficial for the majority of people, however, they may cause serious side effects, including decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These side effects usually subside within a few days as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children and adults. They take longer to start working, but they can improve concentration and impulse control. adhd anxiety medication include alpha-2-adrenergic agonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and the guanfacine. Antidepressants are also effective for treating ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels which is a neurotransmitter found in the brain that assists with impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant used for ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD but the drug companies eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment for this condition.